自2007年有限能量艾里光束的产生实验被报道以来,其无衍射、自加速、自聚焦等特性掀起了光学领域的研究热潮,成为光学领域的重要研究方向[1]。随后,研究者将一维有限能量的艾里光束做径向对称处理后,获得了圆对称艾里光束(circular Airy beams,CAB)[2]。CAB是一种特殊的自聚焦光束,其特点是:在空间中自由传播时,焦点前能保持着极低的光强分布,但在焦点处光强会突然提升至之前的数十倍甚至数百倍,因此它又被称为突然自聚焦光束(abruptly autofocusing beams,AAB)。CAB在聚焦前能保持很低的光强峰值,因此应用于激光治疗等领域时可有效避免损伤传播路径中的健康细胞[3-4],从而实现精准治疗效果。CAB焦点处的光强突变能产生很大的光学梯度力,使其在光学操控等领域具有先天优势[5-7]。
CAB的众多应用领域与其焦点区域的光强突变性质有着紧密的联系,因此如何提升光强突变性成为研究热点之一。早期研究者提出将焦点光强峰值
但上述使用简单光强比值表征焦点区域光强突变性的准确性还没有得到充分验证,其与光强梯度之间的正相关性亦缺乏理论支撑。基于此,本文系统分析、比较了3种不同调制方法对焦点区域光强突变性的影响,发现虽然经不同方法调制后,光束的光强比值
CAB的电场分布[2]可表示为
| $ ^{ } u(r)={A}_{0}Ai\left(\frac{{r}_{0}-r}{w}\right)\exp \left[\alpha \left(\frac{{r}_{0}-r}{w}\right)\right] ^{ } $ | (1) |
式中:
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图 1 调制光束的光强分布与频谱分布 Figure 1 Intensity and spectral distributions of modulated beams |
| $ \frac{\displaystyle\int \limits_{0}^{{r}_{\mathrm{eff}}}{\left| u\left(r\right)\right| }^{2}r\mathrm{d}r}{\displaystyle\int \limits_{0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\left| u\left(r\right)\right| }^{2}r\mathrm{d}r}=0.8 $ | (2) |
由式(2)计算可得,CAB、MCABHF、MCABGE以及CAPB的等效面积分别为8.1 mm2、31.4 mm2、24.4 mm2、19.2 mm2。这表明CAB经调制后,光束的等效面积明显增大,为保持总能量守恒,调制光束的光强峰值大幅下降。
图1(b)给出了4种光束相应的频谱分布。由于4种光束都为圆环形对称分布,其频谱均可使用傅里叶−贝塞尔变换计算获得
| $ F\left(k\right)=2\text{π} \int \limits_{0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}u\left(r\right){\mathrm{J}}_{0}\left(2\text{π} kr\right)r\mathrm{d}r $ | (3) |
式中,
3种调制光束的传播特性可以和CAB一样用角谱传播理论计算得到
| $ u\left(\rho ,{\textit z}\right)=2\text{π} \int \limits_{0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}F\left(k\right){{\mathrm{J}}}_{0}\left(2\text{π} k\rho \right){{\mathrm{e}}}^{\rm{i}2\text{π} {\textit z}\sqrt{{\lambda }^{-2}-{k}^{2}}}k\mathrm{d}k $ | (4) |
式中,
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图 2 CAB和调制光束的传播特性 Figure 2 The propagation characteristics of CAB and modulated beams |
图2(b)给出了与图2(a)相对应的光强峰值比值
接下来讨论光强比值
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图 3 CAB和调制光束的沿z轴归一化光强以及相应的纵向光强梯度分布 Figure 3 On-axis normalized intensity distributions and corresponding intensity gradients of CAB and modulated beams |
接下来将讨论CAB本身的光束参数对焦点区域突变性的影响。图4(a)和图4(b)分别给出了4种不同参数CAB的初始面光强分布以及相对应的频谱。其中参数ω决定了光环的疏密程度,值越小,光环越密;
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图 4 CAB的光强以及相应的频谱分布 Figure 4 Intensity and spectral distributions of CAB |
图5给出了4种不同参数CAB的沿z轴光强分布。
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图 5 4种不同参数CAB的沿z轴光强分布 Figure 5 On-axis intensity distributions of CAB with different parameters |
与图3类似,图6(a)和(b)分别给出4种不同参数CAB沿z轴的归一化光强分布以及相对应的纵向光强梯度分布,并将焦点移动到了同一位置以便于比较。从图中可以看到,
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图 6 CAB沿z轴归一化光强以及相应的纵向光强梯度分布 Figure 6 On-axis normalized intensity distributions and corresponding intensity gradients of CAB |
为了解释这一现象,可以使用
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表 1 4种不同参数CAB的初始面等效半径、焦距以及等效数值孔径 Table 1 Equivalent radii at the initial plane, focal lengths, and equivalent NA of CAB with different parameters |
本文首先横向比较了CAB与3种调制光束MCABHF、MCABGE和CAPB的焦点区域的光强分布情况,发现上述不同调制方法都能大幅增加了光束的高频分量,从而有效地提升光束的焦点光强峰值以及峰值比值
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2026, Vol. 48
Issue (4): 68-74


